1. Introduction
biofuels
belongs bioenergy biofuel, biomass is as a carrier of energy, it refers to the production of biological resources ethanol and biodiesel fuel, raw material mainly comprising: a sugar taro, sweet sorghum, cassava, sugar cane, corn, petroleum resins, Cornus, because of its raw materials, less polluting, renewable and other advantages, is considered to be an alternative taken from petroleum diesel gasoline and new energy is an important direction of development and utilization of renewable energy. Biofuels great reserves, the amount of biofuels only plant on the planet can produce each year, the equivalent of the annual 20 times the human consumption of fossil energy.
Because renewable energy is also known as clean energy, help protect the environment and achieve sustainable development, the attention of many countries. However, in practice, the development of biofuels may bring a shortage of arable land, loss of biodiversity and other issues yet to be resolved.
biofuels (biofuel) refers to extraction from biomass composition or solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. Alternatively gasoline and diesel can be taken from petroleum, it is a renewable energy exploitation of important direction. The so-called biomass is the use of air, water, land and other organisms produced by photosynthesis, i.e. all organic material can be grown with a life. It includes, animals and microorganisms. Unlike petroleum, coal, nuclear and other traditional fuels, which fuels are emerging renewable fuels.
2, foreign status
Currently, the biofuel is mainly used as a transportation fuel replacing fossil fuel, such as gasoline fuel substitute petroleum diesel substitute ethanol and biodiesel. In fossil fuel reserves gradually decline, environmental protection increasingly grim backdrop, biofuels are highly valued governments. The European Commission actively promote the development of biofuels, the development of biofuels in 2015 accounted for 8 percentage of total transport fuel consumption targets. In the United States forced shipped through legal meansOutput fuel adding biofuel, particularly the proportion of diesel fuel is added 2 percent biodiesel, gasoline fuel ethanol was added 5 percent. According to “Chinese biofuels industry depth research and investment strategic planning analysis report forward.” survey statistics, August 16, 2011, the White House announced a total of $ 510 million plan by the Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Energy and the US Navy jointly promote the development of the biofuels industry. The British government from 2006 onwards request the production of transport fuels energy companies must have 3 percent of raw materials from renewable resources, and the proportion will increase year by year. According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global biofuel per day in 2010 to 182.2 million barrels in 2011, down to 181.9 million barrels
3, the background
historical lineage
As early discovery since the fire, humans began to biofuels for heating and cooking with. When power is found to be widely used as a biofuel for energy production. However, the development of fossil fuels coal, oil, natural gas was discovered a large number of its applied technology, making biofuels function in energy, transportation, etc., they are ignored by the world.
from early automotive applications of liquid biofuels. Inventor of the internal combustion engine, the German Nicholas August Otto, plans to use ethanol as a fuel of this invention. Inventor of the diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel in Germany, intends to take peanut oil as its fuel. T Ford by Henry Ford invented entirely the use of ethanol as fuel. But after Pennsylvania and Texas oil fields are found, oil becomes cheaper and easy to obtain, so the car began to use oil or diesel.
real need
energy crisis
processing of biofuels
Since the 1970s oil crisis, some countries began to try to use biological resources, production of liquid fuels to reduce dependence on oil imports. With the shortage of continuing rise in global oil prices and energy, bio-fuels has been further attention. Compared to oil shortages and rising prices, Raw sweet sorghum, cassava, sugar cane and other biofuels more common and cheap. Human hope to deal with the increasingly serious energy crisis, a new form of fuel, and the use of cheaper and readily available resources to develop new energy sources.
serious environmental pollution
After the widespread use of various fuels to the Industrial Revolution, environmental pollution, air pollution, radioactive pollution has emerged. With the development of science and technology and the improvement of the human condition, environmental pollution is increasing, especially in developing countries. Environmental pollution has increasingly become a common task of all countries of the world and the problem must be addressed. Human studies of biofuels, hoping to alleviate the problem of environmental pollution caused by traditional fuels.
4, Source
Traditional sources
specially cultivated crop biomass feed stock, there is produced mainly in the U.S. corn and soybeans; mainly in Europe flaxseed and rapeseed; sugar cane in Brazil ; Southeast Asian coconut oil.
industry, agriculture, forestry, the average family manufactured biodegradable products can be used as a raw material, such as straw, wheat stalks, rice bran, wood, waste, waste water and kitchen waste and so on. These biochemical conversion of raw materials into a gas via anaerobic digestion. Made from biomass fuel, raw materials often are some underutilized waste, like rice straw and animal waste. As for the quality of wood and grass does not directly affect the amount of energy produced.
new sources of
the 21st century, many scientists began to study the use of algae or cyanobacteria as another raw biomass fuel to increase energy efficiency and reduce the impact of biomass likely to agricultural prices. Algae use the raw material level including biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, methane, hydrogen and even fuels.
5, the main types of
ethanol bio-fuel cycle economy mode
Biodiesel
palm oil is one of the richest natural resources in Southeast Asia, it is the main raw material for the development of the biodiesel industry.
Biological ethanol
lignocellulosic feedstock production of bioethanol technology the focus of development. Derived from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes (such as wheat straw, corn stover, corn cobs, etc.), industrial waste (such as pulp and paper mill fiber residue), forestry waste and municipal waste (such as waste paper, wrapping paper, etc. ). Algae farming is another potential biofuel feedstocks. Using natural gas as a raw material of plant carbon dioxide emissions can be converted into the algae culture biodiesel or bioethanol.
Biological butoxide
In addition to bioethanol, biobutanol has become biofuel Another concern. Butanol than ethanol insoluble in water, can be mixed in the refinery, and, unlike the ethanol must be mixed in the distribution terminal through the pipeline. In addition, butanol has a higher energy density than ethanol, so biobutanol can avoid infrastructure problems plagued ethanol.
6, the advantages
readily available starting materials
biofuel more readily available than conventional fuels. Industry, agriculture, forestry, the average family manufactured biodegradable products can be used as raw material. And sugar feedstocks for biofuels taro, sweet sorghum, cassava, sugar cane, corn and other worldwide are widely grown.
cheap
global oil prices, China has also been a corresponding impact. Because of the easy availability of biofuel raw materials is expected to become the new low cost fuel.
less clean pollution
air pollutants in automobile exhaust PM2.5 caused serious harm to human health, bio-fuel alternative to petroleum is particularly urgent. Bio-fuel than traditional fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel) more efficient and cleaner, help mitigate climate change.
Renewable
compared to the solid, liquid or gaseous fuels from biomass composition or extraction of oil and other non-renewable fuels, bio-fuels, may be regenerated by planting crops, it is considered to be the development and utilization of renewable energy the important direction.
without difficultySmelled
no unpleasant odor biofuel, biodiesel soybeans as a raw material, the combustion exhaust gas discharged after a bit like the taste of French fries. In favor of bringing motorists and other more comfortable experience.
7, there is a problem
Although there are some differences between the different biofuel, but regardless of the biofuel than conventional fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel) more efficient and cleaner, It will help slow down climate change.
biodiversity 
of biofuels could bring
large-scale use of biofuels have the potential to make significant impact on agriculture and ecology suffer risks. Energy crops penetrate the consequences of this natural landscape will obviously lead to habitat destruction and fragmentation, which directly result in the loss of biodiversity. If the planting and management of raw material used in unsustainable agricultural practices (such as excessive use of fertilizers can cause soil erosion or compaction) can be further biodiversity loss. Land area
terms of arable land
can be used for planting energy biomass is limited, energy biomass plantations may compete with the existing agricultural land. The United Nations “Sustainable Energy: Policy makers framework,” the report pointed out that the production of biofuels will be required by the occupation of land and other resources, thereby affecting the food supply sufficient quantities, and those crops to produce biofuels often require the best land, a large number of water and chemical fertilizers.
grain production
jatropha (aka Jatropha) may be used for the production of biofuels, wasteland suitable for food crops can be grown in these crops, almost no fertilizer nor edible seeds of smaller impact on food production. But some scientists believe: that some farmers in third world countries, may be in order to make money, and the land originally used for the production of food crops, used to grow energy crops, its development is to reduce the risk of food production.
global food reserves from 175 million tons in 2010 down to the present 100 million tons. On the other hand, biofuels have to “eat” 150 million tons of grain per year. If you stop the production, the world has enough food reserves, food prices are not skyrocketing.
8, national development situation
China
China is rich corn resources, 2006 production 144 million tons, ranking second in the world, corn stover annual production of over 600 million tons. Corn-based fuel ethanol production, corn and derivatives thereof, and other biodegradable polymer materials, a hot business development and investment. In November 2006, China and the Sichuan Provincial Petroleum Group signed a framework agreement to develop biomass energy, the two sides will be sweet potatoes and jatropha as feedstock for bioenergy, built 600,000 tons / year of fuel ethanol “Eleventh Five-Year” period, 100,000 tons / year biodiesel project. The Government also supported the introduction of appropriate policy development. October 28, 2011, Air China is a biofuel mixed with conventional aviation kerosene jet fuel also conducted the first test flight.
China Commercial Aircraft – Boeing Aviation Center of energy saving technology today announced the launch of the first research project to explore the use of waste cooking oil refining sustainable aviation biofuels. China’s annual consumption of about 29 million tons of edible oil, while domestic aviation industry uses 20 million tons of jet fuel per year, edible oil waste has become a sustainable aviation biofuel feedstock production potential.
Brazil
Brazil is the world’s largest bio-fuels (mainly sugar cane, ethanol) producers, as early as the 1970s began to implement bio-fuels program. Brazil cheap biofuel feedstock, stimulated renewable energy production, hybrid sales doubled. Brazil’s domestic consumption and export demand for the biofuel production increased rapidly in 2010, total production from 18 billion liters in 2005 to increase to 26 billion liters.
US
The United States is the world’s second largest producer of renewable fuels, from the 1980s began to research and development, to production in 2004 reached 12.9 billion liters. By 2005, the new energy bill, will focus on the development of renewable fuels, the provisions of the 2012 US renewable fuel volume will reach 28.4 billion liters, equivalent to twice the original standard.
In 2012, the US corn crop is under the most severe drought in 50 years of devastation, the international food supply situation overall has been a significant impact. rootAccording to the Federal Act, the corn harvest, a significant portion will be used for the production of biofuels, thus entering the food and feed corn market even less. FAO Director-General reminded the United States should suspend production of biofuels.
EU
In 2003 two biofuels directive adopted by the European Commission to promote the development of EU fuel ethanol and biodiesel production. In 2004 the EU produced 526 million liters of ethanol and 2.2 billion liters of biodiesel. Directive 2010 vehicle fuel part using renewable fuels to 5.75 percentage. Fuel containing bioethanol or biodiesel, can be exempted from fuel tax.
Royal Dutch Airlines from 2009 began to explore the possibility of bio-fuel alternative aviation kerosene. In 2012, biofuels made from “waste oil” powered aircraft has to fly from Amsterdam to Paris route and to Rio de Janeiro route. Some policymakers believe the airline industry will bring new bio-fuel growth. Although there is little passenger use of biofuels, but they are expected by the end of 2020 the European aviation industry will use 2 million tons per year bio-kerosene as an aviation fuel, accounting for about 3% of the European aviation fuel consumption.
However, in September 2012, according to a Reuters report, the fear of crop-based biofuels compete with food production and biofuel worry not as good as initially thought of as beneficial to the environment, the EU will It is applied limits use of crop-based biofuels.
Canada
October 2012, National Research Council Canada 29 reported that Canadian researchers first use of pure biofuels as a Falcon 20 type civilian aircraft powered, successful test flight over Ottawa. The Commission issued a communique said after the aircraft when using biofuels, are generally used in combination with traditional fossil fuels, the use of this test for the first time by the Canadian industrial oilseed extraction of biofuels, completely replace the traditional aviation fuel