Audi quattro
mention AWD, I believe many people will mind flashed a word that Audi’s quattro! Audi is the first four-wheel drive system used in the rally and achieved great success Depot. So what exactly is quattro?
The term quattro is in Italian ldquo; four rdquo; means, and further for Audi quattro there are other meanings. In 1980 the company developed the Audi quattro four-wheel drive system, and to equip it was on a two-door sedan based on the Audi 80 chassis, this car’s name is also called Quattro. Audi also owns another company called quattro subsidiary, specialized test and development of high performance models. Therefore, quattro represents both the Audi four-wheel drive technology, but also represents a model, or a company name.
“Torsen differential structure map”
mentioned quattro, many people will immediately think of another Torsen differential that is the word, here we translated into Torsen differential. Torsen differential is a torque-sensing limited slip differential in quattro system, as the central differential is mounted at the output end of the gearbox, power transmission from the out will go through Torsen differential, after redistribution to front and rear axles. Most Audi with quattro logo are equipped with Torsen differential, for these vehicles, the Torsen differential is a core component to implement a full-time four-wheel drive.
on the principle of action Torsen differential, and again I quote Baidu in the interpretation:
the origin of the
Torsen take the name of Torque- sensing Tractionmdash; mdash; feel traction torque, the core Torsen worm, a worm gear system, can be seen a double worm, worm structural view of the structure from the Torsen differential, it is their mutual intermeshingAnd a one-way lock configured to transmit the torque from the worm to the worm gear of the differential locking function is realized, this feature limits the slide. During normal driving in a curve, the role of the former, the rear differential is a conventional differential, a worm gear does not affect the output speed of the axle different, such as when the vehicle turn to the left and right wheel differential speed ratio, and left low speed, different speeds of the left and right can be closely match the synchronization worm gear. At this time, the worm and not locked, since the torque from the worm to the worm gear. When one side of the wheel slip, the worm components play a role, through a Torsen differential or hydraulic multi-plate clutch, very quickly and automatically adjusting power distribution.
We can see from this text, the Torsen differential is a purely mechanical device, wherein the electronic device without any intervention of the driver It can not be set manually. This means that the device has a high reliability and sensitivity, and therefore the system can be installed in high-performance car rally cars, offers unparalleled in complex road grip. Audi products in sequence, the system is equipped with quattro car often means high performance!
However, because the domestic popularity is not high, lack of knowledge of the system, and many piecemeal presentation is not very detailed, so that people gradually quattro created a lot of misunderstanding, misunderstanding major focused on the following three points: quattro all-wheel drive system is a purely mechanical four-wheel drive system; the system can ensure that even if all three wheels lose grip 100 will be transmitted to the percentage of power without losing grip on the wheels; Torsen differential is a core quattro system, and like the Audi TT and A3 of this transverse engine, the car is not equipped with Torsen differential although the name there but it’s not true quattro quattro!
To answer the first two questions, we are still talking about a structure from quattro. Currently the center differential Audi quattro four-wheel drive system in terms of our usual sense used is a Torsen differential, but we always lamented Torsen differential to bring high-performance vehicle, but this is ignored a system, a differential alone it is impossible to achieve perfect control of. Having said that, to achieve all-wheel drive must have three differential, A center differential as the Torsen differential distribution torque can access the front and rear axle, but then the torque to the front and rear axle also assigned to the left and right wheels via a differential.
“Audi A4L 3.2 quattro”
In fact, most of the equipment, the Audi quattro system of the car (in addition to high RS and R8 performance, etc.) only on the front axle is equipped with only an ordinary open differential, no difference with the configuration of two drive differential ordinary household, does not have a limited slip function. This raises a question: If two wheels of the vehicle into the side because of all the mud and lose grip, even with Torsen differential torque distribution front and rear, two ordinary open differential will still power transfer to slipping wheel. If there is no auxiliary electronic systems, Audi would not have four-wheel drive car broke down?
“Audi A8 four-wheel drive system configuration diagram”
Audi will certainly not allow such embarrassing things happen! To this end, engineers quattro system integrated within the EDL, EDL stands for Electronic Differential Lock, translated into Chinese should be called electronic differential lock. The device will monitor the rotational speed of the four wheels, when a loss of the wheel and the idler grip, the EDL will by the slipping wheel ABS braking force is applied alone, so that the torque is transmitted to the other side by an open differential non-slip wheels.
Since the two front and rear axle differential are ordinary differential, thus trying to transfer power to a percentage of the 100 non-slipping wheel is almost impossible. First Torsen differential torque distribution ratio itself can be achieved on a limited torque distribution ratio Torsen differential most of Audi’s four-wheel drive currently on the market can only reach 2: 1, meaning that there is at most one-third of two torque can be assigned to an end. However, in mutual cooperation and the center differential lock electronic differential such that even when the Audi only one wheel has traction travel is possible, but this time the power is relatively weak nothing.
To achieve the full-time four-wheel drive, you need Torsen differential and EDL, ABS, ESP and other electronic systemsCooperate with each other to complete, so that the Torsen differential is purely mechanical, but Audi’s quattro four-wheel drive system is not purely mechanical.
“Audi TT”
This is a saying popular in many of the fans: such as the Audi TT and A3 transverse engine, the car is not equipped with Torsen differential quattro although the name there but it’s not true quattro. It will produce this idea is normal, quattro and Torsen these two words are usually bundled arise, and these two words do not appear together in the Audi TT and A3, will inevitably make many people suspicious.
“In 1980 the Geneva Motor Show Quattro”
make it clear that this issue, we also to turn back, I have already mentioned Audi quattro represents both the Audi four-wheel drive technology, but also represents a model, or a company name. Chronologically is to develop in accordance with the quattro four-wheel drive technology, it followed in 1980 Geneva Motor Show debut of Quattro, 1983 years later More recently, high-performance division called quattro Audi established. The Torsen differential until 1987 was only applied to Audi’s quattro four-wheel drive system. That is to say before the 1987 Audi quattro system that does not include a Torsen differential.
“Audi Quattro car.”
On the other hand, was born to celebrate the 25th anniversary of quattro technology, Audi held a series of celebrations in 2005, indicating that the Audi quattro technology officially recognized birth time is 1980 instead of 1987. If only equipment Torsen differential Audi quattro four-wheel drive system can be called so, early Audi quattro system and the Audi Quattro cars and declared ldquo; 25 anniversaryrdquo; not become a big joke?
Therefore, we can interpret it this way: quattro is the general term for the Audi four-wheel drive system, Audi’s all-wheel drive production car equipped can add ldquo; quattrordquo; suffix. It’s like Volkswagen Phaeton four-wheel drive system actually transplanted Audi quattro, but in the Volkswagen brand continues to call ldquo; 4MOTIONrdquo ;. If you speak from the perspective of mechanical principles, four-wheel drive system on the Audi TT and A3 is really not equipped with Torsen differential, instead of using the structure of public 4MOTION. So, to say the Audi TT and A3 quattro this statement is not incorrect, but the structure in principle there is a certain truth.
evolutionary history
● Quattro birth mdash; mdash; concept originated from the public off-road vehicle Iltis
the story takes place within the Arctic Circle in Finland is located in a forest, comes just as the February cold. Head of Audi preliminary test driving a 75-horsepower Volkswagen Iltis off-road vehicles have to follow in a later drove to the front ranks of the 200-horsepower Audi 100-based research and development. Because of the disparity of power disparity, when he was always straight with the team fell behind, but the situation is contrary to the corner. He found that, after thinking conclude that because Volkswagen Iltis four-wheel drive off-road vehicles using the system, and reach a consensus with the R & D department heads Chassis: Volkswagen Iltis transplanted four-wheel drive sport utility vehicle systems to Audi cars. The year was 1977.
test returned them to the R & D director of Audi, the famous Ferdinand bull; Piech suggested that the four-wheel drive off-road vehicle Iltis system migration to space and technology infrastructure are better longitudinally mounted on the precursor model Audi 80. After much thought, Piech approved the plan and asked secret. Six months later, the Audi four-wheel drive system project received formal approval for the research project number EA262, at this time of project content has been steady progress in the.
The following year, in January, the mountains are covered with snow for the Audi four-wheel drive test team for the first time demonstrated the prototype to the public sales director for a very good condition. Contrary to all expectations when easily surpass other car anti-skid chains tied: When the car is still equipped with summer tires Audi A1 (ie, all-wheel drive 1).
Of course, the Audi four-wheel drive car drive system there is a difficult technical problem to be solved: the traditional front and rear axle to get the car fixed connection structure of the rear wheel slippage during cornering. The standard solution is to use separate bulky and expensive power divider, Audi transmission system designer Franz bull; Teng Gele is more desirable to find a solution: The power transmission shaft to the hollow center differential accelerator, through a universal power to the rear wheel shaft, the hollow shaft further toward the front wheels is responsible for the power, which is the first generation quattro.
“quattro gecko symbolize a strong grip.”
The term quattro is in Italian ldquo; four rdquo; meaning, and for the Audi quattro have other meanings. In 1980 the company developed the Audi quattro four-wheel drive system, and to equip it was on a two-door sedan based on the Audi 80 chassis, this car is also named Quattro (the issue of capitalization of the first models, the Audi official information there are not explicitly stated, and the case-exist, in order to facilitate the users to differentiate in reading, when mentioned in the following models unified Quattro). Later, another Audi set up a subsidiary company called quattro, specializing in experimental and development of high performance models.
By 1983, Audi’s quattro racing department Ltd. was established. The company’s name is to pay tribute to that time in the Audi Quattro models build on the basis of the Rally, and specifically to the first letter to lowercase ldquo; qrdquo ;. The company initially mainly responsible for high-performance custom and private parts of the development, now the main business is to build high-performance Audi models and accessories, as well as customized models, the Audi quattro at present the products mainly includeAudi S line package, the Audi S-series and the Audi RS series, of course, the Audi R8 is the highest performance of the Audi quattro done by the company.
● to promote road mdash; mdash; ldquo on the field; the blow rdquo;
a revolution is often very difficult, historical experience tells us: it took a half a century truly accept the diesel engine. However, to achieve the aspirations of the four-wheel drive technology used in cars, Audi and do not want to wait 50 years. Audi’s R & D director Ferdinand bull; Piech chose another way to achieve the goal: Let equipped with quattro four-wheel drive Audi cars to participate in the world’s most challenging car race through the game in a variety of extreme road conditions to the people proof of Audi four-wheel drive technology.
The reason why the Audi Quattro four-wheel drive cars reviewed by the FIA have an important reason, is that Ford, Lancia, Renault Audi’s competitors have not objected to this, they consider themselves rear-wheel drive technology with proven high above, and the Germans did not toss out ldquo; four-wheel drive monster rdquo; looked down.
After the initial event Audi dirt tank roof fire, the electrical equipment failure small setback, and finally in 1982, he won the stage winner and seven constructors’ championship, but this time the long wheelbase Quattro car, great car, 350-horsepower engine set-ups also worthy of scrutiny, is far from perfect. The following year, Audi introduced the ldquo; slimming rdquo; 100 kilograms, power increased by 30 hp Quattro A2 racing, arrogate Sweden, Portugal, Argentina and Finland decile races; in 1984, but swept the constructors’ championship in 1985 he won the US Pikes peak Hill Climb in Colorado legendary, in 1986 set a tournament record mountaineering, 1987 recorded a hat-trick refresh mountaineering race again. At this time, the Audi quattro four-wheel drive technology has been to fame on the rally track.
1988 Audi shifting the focus to the Pan American Touring Car Series, the American audience initially thought the Audi touring cars is difficult to make a difference in the field, but then Audi 200 TransAm debut to win the championship. A year later, the Audi 90 Quattro IMSA GTO race with 13 combat 7 wins record for four-wheel drive system in space race king.
have been very few court appearances of Audi in Germany in 1990, joined the German Touring Car Championship, the Audi V8 DTM will be racing the BMW M3 and Mercedes 190ldquo; showdown under rdquo ;, won the overall victory. A year later, Audi is invincible ldquo; policy rdquo; blocked: In early 1992, a new crankshaft racing Audi eight-cylinder engine used in the already licensed racing authorities, but then was told that contrary to the provisions, the result can only Audi to retire. After that, Audi introduced two successive A group racing mdash; mdash; Audi 80 Compitition and A4 Supertouring. Both cars in the world are indeed a pioneer in racing. In 1996 alone, the Audi A4 Supertouring gains on the first name in Australia, Belgium, Germany, England, Italy, Spain and South Africa Touring Car Championship.
A series of official victory eventually had to admit the superiority of four-wheel drive technology. In 1997, the FIA regulations four-wheel drive car extra weight should not increase more than 95 kg, and announced that from January 1, 1998 a total ban on four-wheel competition, the reason is to maintain equality of opportunity. Audi took 17 years to finally prove the opportunity to face the ordinary two-wheel drive car four-wheel drive car did not win.
● after seven generations of evolution
◆ The first generation of quattro: hollow drive shaft
borrowed from Audi Volkswagen Iltis four off-road vehiclesDrive concept, but due to space limitations cars, full account of the transplant is not possible. As a result, Audi’s engineers figured out a clever solution: the differential is installed at the rear end of the gearbox, the drive shaft is still the traditional power transmission to the rear axle differential; and gearbox installed inside a hollow drive shaft so that power can be transmitted to the front axle differential. Thus eliminating the need for bulky, weight transfer case, in order to effectively solve the problem of space.
In order to cope with more stringent Audi quattro road, Audi engineers used in the first generation prior art quattro, during and after the three open differential, wherein the center differential and rear differential with manual locking differentials are functional. The driver may be different traffic needs, by locking the switch control console of the operating state of the differential.
◆ Second Generation quattro: A Torsen type center differential
for 1986 is an important year for Audi, quattro four-wheel drive system in this year ushered in an important innovation: a uses a Torsen center differential type. Thorsen (the Torsen) from the name Torque-sensing Tractionmdash; mdash; a torque sensor, which is a core structure worm mechanism, based on the characteristics of such power that the one-way transmission mechanism A Torsen type center differential includes a self- lock function, under normal circumstances the power transmission distribution ratio to front and rear axles to 50:50, when a wheel slipping phenomenon, a center differential actively distributing power to the axle better adhesion, than the first on behalf of the more convenient. Rear axle and front axle differential and differential remains open differential with manual locking function.
◆ third-generation quattro: for the first time used in automatic transmission models
V8 1988 Audi appearance depending respectively automatic and manual transmission with two quattro system, the difference between these two systems is that different types of center differential: manual transmissionQuattro matching box still using the center differential Torsen type A, with the automatic transmission matching using a quattro planetary gear center differential with an electronically controlled multi-plate clutch. In addition, third-generation quattro system will also open differential rear axle replaced Torsen differential type A, from quattro ushered in the era of automatic control.
◆
The fourth generation quattro: B Torsen center differential type, first joined ldquo; EDL EDL rdquo; function
[123 ]
after 14 years of quattro was born, fourth-generation quattro formal application. First, this generation system using a B-type central Torsen differential, B-type Torsen differential gear using a parallel structure, the same self-locking, it is not the same as the automatic transmission can be provided on the vehicle. Secondly, the addition of the first fourth-generation quattro ldquo; EDL EDL rdquo; function, when one side of the wheel slip occurs, ldquo; EDL rdquo; to be slipping wheel brake by the hydraulic control means, effective to enhance Further the side of the wheel driving force.
want to find out the differential, limited slip differential, ldquo; EDL rdquo ;? Click on the image below:
fifth-generation quattro: A type Torsen center differential after optimization
[ 123]
Audi engineers breakthrough placed on optimizing mating type a torque-sensing center differential and electronic stability program ESP with four-wheel drive system. A optimized type center differential torque distribution have a more excellent ability, while the traction lock value has also been optimized. Audi quattro models in order to deal with various extreme road conditions, with the fifth generation of quattro all-wheel drive technology and ESP systems more closely. This improvement makes quattro models have a higher active safety.
◆
Sixth Generation quattro: Torsen C-type center differential, Audi Q series was born
sixth Generation quattro core member B by the center differential type to upgrade the C-type, its structure changed by the planetary gear structure of parallel structure, the automatic locking function of the reaction time is more rapid. Under normal circumstances, the central differential distribution ratio of 40:60 to transfer power to the front and rear axles, when faced with a special road conditions, the front wheels can be assigned to 15 percentage to 65 percentage of the power required, the rear wheels can be assigned to 85 percentage to 35 percent power. Rear biased power output characteristics provide a higher handling performance of the vehicle, in straight-line acceleration and performance curves in this feature is particularly prominent. The sixth generation of quattro four-wheel drive system on the market in the sale of A4L, A6L are also used.
◆
Seventh Generation quattro: crown gear center differential
[123 ]
“Audi A5 (left), RS5 (right) four-wheel drive systems using the latest crown gear differential” 
[123 ] a whole new generation of quattro four-wheel drive system, the biggest change is the replacement became a Torsen center differential crown gear differential. Great advantage of this differential is small, light weight, while the power distribution has a higher ratio. Although the crown gear is purely mechanical structure, but rely on the control of the multi-plate clutch, which has a Bi Tuosen differential torque distribution ratio of torque larger adjustment range, and before and after the more flexible.
works
is actually a crown gear differential by varying ldquo; arm rdquo; length to achieve the torque distribution adjustment. The power transmission from the input to the output crown gear differential planet carrier, via the front and rear planetary gear crown gear (front and rear connection shaft) transmissionPower delivery, respectively, before and after the crown gear with a single set and plural sets of friction plates.
at
the normal state, the front and rear of the planetary gear differential crown gear different radius of action to achieve a torque distribution of 40:60 front and rear axles, a relatively static front crown gear and the planetary gear, this axle or rear wheel attachment when efforts to reduce (slippage), the planetary gear crown wheel relative rotation occurs, the slip side of the pressing plate with the friction crown gear, so that the loss due to the slip of the power portion transmitted to the drive axle through the differential housing does not slip, and number of sheets before and after rubbing group also determines the range of the torque distribution: the adhesion before and after the vehicle axle, the power of the front wheel 15 automatically assigned percentage -70 percentage before power is automatically between the rear wheels 30 to 85 percentage percentage distribution. 
●
transverse quattro four-wheel drive system
“Audi TT (left), Q3 (right) is used in the four-wheel drive system from Haldex “
For Haldex four-wheel drive system, please click on the picture below:
●
electric quattro, future four-wheel drive system?
in every moment to have a good day at the same time, a growing number of car prices started to deploy in the future. They are hoping to rid itself of dependence on traditional fuels. So on electric cars and hybrid four-wheel drive how to achieve it?
all vehicles equipped with four induction motors, four wheels are independently driven, the total power of 230,000Watts (313 horsepower), the peak torque is staggering 4500Nmiddot; m, which is incredible numbers. Ordinary state before the power distribution 30 as a percentage, the percentage of 70, while if wheel slip, the motor of each wheel can be independently adjusted power distribution.
understand the Audi F12 electric vehicles Please click the image below:
Full Summary: [ 123] 
Subsequently, quattro successfully delegated to the field of civilian cars, the engineers continue to study the means of quattro off after seven progress, adhere to the road of this machinery. Now, in this day and age to pursue energy conservation doctrine, quattro does not rest on its laurels, they are also out of a road in the field of electric vehicles.