1, Glossary
[name]: a spring
[phonetic]: tánhuáng
[phonetic]: ㄊ ㄢ ‘ㄏ ㄨ ang’
[] also as: elastic Huang
[English]: Spring
[basic interpretation:
deformed parts made of elastic material is under an applied force, the external force is removed after restitution.
[] is explained in detail: parts made resilient action
using a material that can be deformed by an external force, the external force is removed after restitution.
[sentence]:
“Travels” Diba Hui: “child rolling on flat all the way, then all the way to break the ice, it seems like rolling down from the bed of a bomb Huang.”
Lao She. ” Rickshaw “seven:” his feet seemed to be two springs, almost a micro ground it bounced up. “
Liu Qing” iron ruthless through “nine:.” walking legs feel lighter, as if the sole security spring “
the type of spring which has:
is a common spring part, one kind of part is capable of storing energy, the damper can be used, clamping, energy storage, and measurements, etc.
a compression spring, tension spring, torsion spring, a flat spiral spring, the spring solid Lite.
spring products for all kinds of toys, lighting, handbags, leather goods, luggage, gifts, handicrafts, stationery, electronics, electrical appliances, cameras, precision equipment, various types of transport, metal plastic, electronic, remote control, stroller , bicycles, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, lighting, automotive, furniture, toys, switches, sockets, water heaters, calculators, watches, ignition, a mouse, a motor, a mobile phone, medals, a fan, a video DVD
2, profile element
spring element is an elastic mechanical and widely used in the electronics industry, a greater spring energy when under load the elastic deformation, the kinetic energy into mechanical work or deformability, andDeflection of the spring disappear and reinstated, the deformation energy is converted to kinetic energy or mechanical work.
In fact, spring is an accumulator, which has the function to store energy but can not release energy slowly, slowly release to achieve this function should rely on “spring + large transmission ratio mechanism.” implementation, common in mechanical watches.
Since the generally cylindrical spring simple to produce, and can be made into various types according to the loading conditions, the structure is simple, it is most widely used.
The main function of
① controlled mechanical motion, such as valve spring of an internal combustion engine, the clutch control spring.
② absorb vibration and impact energy, such as cars, the railcar buffer spring, shock-absorbing spring or the like in the coupling.
③ as energy storage and power output, such as a clock spring, the spring arms.
④ used as a load element, such as a dynamometer, the spring balance spring. Deformation of the spring load ratio is referred to as the spring rate, the greater the stiffness, the harder the spring.
Category 
according to the nature of the force, the spring can be divided into a tension spring, compression spring, a torsion spring and a bending spring.
can be divided according to the shape of the disk spring, ring spring, a plate spring, a coil spring, a truncated cone spiral spring torsion bar spring and the like.
coil spring i.e. the torsion spring, the spring is subjected to torsional deformation, its working portion is tightly wound into a spiral. Torsion spring end is processed into various shapes of the torque arm, instead of the hook ring. Reverse commonly used in the mechanical balance mechanism in the spring, in the automotive, machine tools, electrical appliances and other widely used in industrial production.
of the tension spring is subjected to axial tension coil spring, the tension spring is generally circular cross section are used for producing the material. When not under load, and it is generally not tight clearance between the ring and tension spring ring.
a compression spring is subjected to the pressure of the coil spring, it uses more material cross section is circular, a rectangular and is also useful stranded rayon rolled steel, the spring is generally equal pitch , the shape of the compression spring are:, there is a certain clearance between the compression ring and the ring spring cylindrical, conical, convex and concave in a small amount of non-circular and the like, when subjected to external load spring shrinkageStored deformation energy.
The torsion spring principle of leverage, by a soft material, an elastic material greater toughness twisted or rotated, so that it has a great mechanical energy.
progressive spring which uses a spring thickness, density inconsistent design, the advantage is not pressurized when the road surface undulation can be absorbed by the elasticity of the lower part, to ensure ride comfort, when the spring pressure is increased to a certain extent acts as a support of the thick portion of the vehicle body, the disadvantage of this is that the spring does not directly control feeling, less accurate.
Linear Spring linear spring from top to bottom thickness, constant density, elasticity coefficient of a fixed value. This design allows the spring to get the vehicle more stable and linear dynamic response, help the driver better control of the vehicle, used for performance-oriented and competitive vehicle modified car, the downside is of course comfort is affected.
short spring compared to the original short spring spring is shorter, and more stout, short spring mounting, the center of gravity of the vehicle body can be effectively reduced, reducing the resulting roll when cornering, so that cornering more stable and smooth, enhance vehicle handling corners. The original shock absorber damping settings tend to comfort, so the original short springs and shock absorbers are not very stable in the fitting, it can not effectively suppress short spring rebound and compression, driving on bumpy roads, will there is a sense of discomfort jump, the long run, the shock absorbers will greatly reduce the short life, but also the case of oil spills may occur. Of course, these conditions are relative terms, the daily driving, then will not have such serious damage, but try not to fierce drive, after all, the original shock absorbers can not withstand the pressure of high load.
3, producing
General materials of manufacture of the spring should have a high elastic limit, fatigue limit, impact toughness, andGood heat treatment properties, commonly used carbon spring steel, spring steel alloy, copper alloy and stainless spring steel, nickel alloy and rubber.
A method for producing a spring roll cold and hot roll method. The spring wire is generally less than 8 mm in diameter by cold roll method, greater than 8 mm by hot roll method. Some spring pressure or shot peening should be made after, can improve the carrying capacity of the spring.
spring as an important element in the industrial system, has a great amount, and a wide range, thus making the spring from the original hand-made, gradually automated. In China ninety years ago, only a few spring industry specializing in the production of machinery and equipment spring, with the spring growing market, and gradually the professional spring device companies also entered our country, such as the northeast of Taiwan spring machinery (EN Overseas Ding), Mitsuhiro (KHM) and other spring production gradually occupied the mainstream market. Northeast EN502 universal machine, a proprietary mechanical mechanism, convenient production of various springs, elastic shaped member. Mitsuhiro device is a tension spring and compression spring production of high-speed devices. In foreign countries also have a lot of professional equipment manufacturers such as Wafeiaosi spring, MEC and so on.
regardless of the technical equipment to update its production are similar principle is produced – by the more than one pair of the wires fed Creaser encountered mold, step by step or bent or stamped wound , output a variety of spring.
4, the principles found in
5 Life Application
Most materials have different degrees of flexibility, if it is bent , it will be with great force to restore its original shape. in the history of mankind, we must have long noted that seedlings and saplings branches are very flexible because many primitive cultures use this feature, after a special door a stick or the cage on the wedge, or slipknot sleeve is pulled down to a bar; once release the tension, the root of which will stick or rod to spring back in this way they actually to capture animals and birds. , is the use of the bow in this manner saplings elastic spring; Xianxiang the bow, and then let go, allowed to spring back in the Middle Ages, the idea began to appear on the machine, such as textile machines, lathes, drilling, grinding. saws and operator given by hand or foot pedal depressing stroke, pull down the working machine, this time with a rope fixing levers are returned mechanically, resulting in reciprocating motion.
elastic torsional material Nature does not push to flex its anti-Greek Empire (probably 4th century BC) invented the twisted tendon rope or wool hove tight torsion spring to replace the simple spring to strengthen the catapult and throw the power of the stone. then people began to realize that, more than the elastic metal wood, horn or any kind of organic matter. Philo (it’s written about 200 BC) it as a new discovery to introduction. he estimated audience is incredible. Celtic sword and elasticity of the Spaniards, causing his predecessors Alexandria attention. in order to understand why the sword and flexible, they conducted many experiments. the results of his Kete Xi than the master Trebuchet invention, the spring is a bending machine riprap bronze plate made of – in fact the first leaf spring; Philo I further improve these creative trebuchets g. in this invention, the ratio of Teixido Trebuchet, came up with another riprap machine – which uses a flexible working air generated by the cylinder pressure in the case of the
after a long time that people just think: if pressure A screw, a curved rather than a straight bar, then the metal will be greater energy stored in the spring. 伯鲁涅列斯基 biographical data record, he had produced aAlarm clock port, wherein the spring several generations. It was recently pointed out, there are patterns that frame the alarm in a mechanical manual with some fancy spiral spring watch figure in the late 15th century leaves. Such springs are also used in modern mousetrap. With coil springs (horizontal rather than vertical compression of the compression spring) watch, around 1460 have certainly begun to use, but basically royal luxury Then, after about a century, watches with spring became a middle-class logo class people.
6, Function Description
Measurement Function
within the elastic limit, the elongation of the spring (or contraction) is proportional with the force. By using this property spring is made of spring balance.
Function pressed
To observe the various electrical switches will find two switches contacts, the head must have a spring-loaded, to ensure close contact with two head, a good conduction. If poor contact, the contact resistance grows greater, the heat generated by the large current, is so serious that it contacts the metal melt. Two metal posts are provided with a bayonet cap also for good contact spring; as central metal screw base sheet and all the plug sockets are spring sheet metal, which functions are in close contact with both parties, in order to maintain the with the good. When the tape, there is a spring of phosphor bronze, by the elastic force generated when the bending deformation which makes intimate contact with the tape head. It has a long spiral spring action on the one hand is a top tight staples, on the other hand when the front staple is pushed back to the top of the nail can be introduced to prepare a comfortable staple in the stapler, in this way, one will be able to automatically pushed to the top of the nail, nail until all launched so far. Many automatic feeding machine, automatic rifle bullets are automatically loaded by the spring of this function. Further, like clothing clip clamps, ballpoint pen clip sleeve are pressed against the spring clip functions on clothes.
reset
spring which is deformed by an external force, the external force is removed, the spring can be restored state. Many tools and devices of this nature is the use of the reset spring. For example, many of the buildings on the door hinges are fitted with a return spring after the people out, the door will automatically reset. It has also made use of this feature automatic umbrella, mechanical pencils and other supplies, veryConvenience. Further, various buttons and keys and ultimately return spring.
driven function 
mechanical clocks, clockwork toys are driven by a wound. When the mainspring is rewound to produce bending deformation, the elastic potential energy stored constant. After released, the elastic potential energy into kinetic energy, driven in rotation by drive means. The nature of work in one of the starting gun toy guns and military firearms and also take advantage of the spring.
Buffer Function
between the sprung elastic locomotive wheels and the vehicle frame, the spring bump to slow the vehicle.
vibrating vocal function
When the air flow from the spring hole harmonica, accordion, the impact of the reed, the reed vibration sound.
7, series-parallel problem
series: stiffness Coefficient 1 / k = 1 / k1 + 1 / k2
parallel: the stiffness coefficient relation k = k1 + k2 [123 ]
concluded that the spring string softer, more and more hard.
8, a predetermined drawing
(1) on a line parallel to the view of the coil spring, the turns of the contour line drawn as a straight line.
(2) an effective number of turns of the spring above the ring 4, both ends thereof can be drawn only 1 to 2 ring (excluding support ring). Connected together by an intermediate spring wire through the center of the dotted line.
(3) in the drawing, when the coil spring is not specified, all painted right-handed coil spring, the spring is also drawn into right-left, but to indicate “left” character.
9, related terms
(2) spring diameter D: a maximum outer diameter of the spring.
(3) a spring inside diameter D1: minimum outer diameter of the spring.
(4) the spring diameter D2: the average diameter of the spring. Which is calculated as: D2 = (D + D1) ÷ 2 = D1 + d = D-d.
(5) t: In addition to the support of the loop, corresponding to two adjacent turns of the spring in the axial distance between the point becomes the pitch diameter, denoted by t.
(6) effective number of turns n: number of turns of the spring to maintain the same pitch.
(7) supporting the number of turns n2: In order to make uniform the spring force during operation, to ensure that the end face perpendicular to the axis, during manufacture, the ends of the spring constant and tight. And tight turns only play a supportive role, called the support ring. Generally 1.5T, 2T, 2.5T, commonly used is 2T.
(8) the total number of turns n1: number of active coils and the support ring. I.e., n1 = n + n2.
(9) consisting of high H0: height of the spring under unstimulated external force. Calculated by the formula: H0 = nt + (n2-0.5) d = nt + 1.5d (n2 = 2 hours).
(10) to expand the spring length L: the length of the wire wound spring when required. L≈n1 (ЛD2) 2 + n2 (spring) L = ЛD2n + hooks deployed length (tension spring).
(11) the spiral direction: left and right points of rotation, dextrose used, not indicated in the drawing generally right-handed.
10, related terms spring
1. The outside diameter (outsidediameter): the maximum diameter of the spring coil, known as a large diameter.
2 inner diameter (insidediameter):. The minimum diameter of the spring coils, also known as diameter.
3 diameter (pitchdiameter):. The average diameter of the outer and inner diameter.
4 diameter (linediameter):. Wire diameter of the spring. .
5 the free length (freelength): the entire length of the spring when not under external force. .
6 total number of turns (totalcoils): Number of all spiral turns of the spring from one end to the other end. .
7 number of effective turns (effectivecoils): When a load to support, can be effective number of turns of the coil.
8. deflection (deflection): the amount of deformation of the spring by an external force. Often expressed as X.
9 spring constant (springconstant):. The spring by external force, the ratio of the load and the deformation amount and deformation amount often contained ratio. Often expressed as “K”.
10 spring index (springindex):. The ratio of the pitch diameter of the coil spring wire diameter.
11, the working stress of the spring
Factors affect the magnitude of the stress are:
1 form the spring receiving load.
2. The material composition and heat treatment.
3. Effect of vibration and impulse.
4. Corrosive effects. .
surface condition of the spring 5
12, relaxation (creep phenomenon)
1 temperature rise: temperature, the material will have expanded and softening, resulting in reducing the spring limit.
2 increased load: load increases, if the time is too long, the spring will also have a slack spring relaxation phenomenon.
13, the residual stress
In the spring roll and heat treatment process, some residual stress may. Repetitive stress fatigue limit can still be destroyed maximum actuator, referred to by the fatigue limit. Most of the damage caused by fatigue, the biggest drawback is the poor surface spring. When the spring cracks or flaws, by repeated stress prone to fatigue failure.
14, related terms